The process by which a dormant seed begins active growth, producing its first root and shoot under favorable conditions.
Seeds are living structures that remain dormant until environmental conditions signal that it is safe to grow. The most important triggers are moisture, temperature, and oxygen, although some seeds also require light or a period of cold exposure.
When a seed absorbs water, its internal processes reactivate. The first structure to emerge is usually the root, which anchors the plant and begins absorbing water and nutrients. Shortly afterward, a shoot develops and grows toward the light.
Once the young plant produces leaves and begins photosynthesis, it becomes less dependent on the energy stored inside the seed.
Successful germination is the foundation of growing plants from seed. Understanding the conditions required for germination helps gardeners improve seed-starting success, avoid poor emergence, and establish stronger seedlings.