A layer of ice crystals that forms on plant surfaces and other objects when temperatures near the ground become cold enough for moisture to freeze.
Frost develops during cold, clear, and calm conditions when heat escapes from the ground and surrounding surfaces. As temperatures drop, moisture freezes on leaves, flowers, and stems.
Some plants tolerate frost with little damage, while others are highly sensitive. Tender vegetables, annual flowers, and tropical plants can be injured or killed by frost, especially when actively growing.
Because frost can damage flowers, fruit, and new growth, gardeners often plan planting schedules around expected frost dates.
Frost is one of the most important seasonal factors affecting garden success. Understanding frost helps gardeners determine when to plant, when to harvest, and how to protect vulnerable plants during periods of cold weather.